Introduction Mechanical integrity is one of the most important barriers between normal refinery operation and a major accident. In simple terms, mechanical integrity is the assurance that pressure equipment, piping, tanks, heaters, valves, flanges, small-bore connections and associated components are suitable for their intended service and remain fit for continued operation. It is not just about inspection. It is not …
Residual stresses are an often-overlooked but critical factor in the long-term reliability and safety of pressure equipment such as vessels, piping, and storage tanks. These stresses, which remain within a material after fabrication processes like welding, forming, or heat treatment, can significantly influence equipment’s structural integrity under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. In this article, we explore residual stresses, where they …